Existentialism is a philosophical movement that emphasizes individual existence, freedom, and choice. It argues that individuals have the freedom to define their own lives and create their own meaning, rather than adhering to predetermined societal norms or values. Existentialists believe that life has no inherent meaning or purpose, and that humans must confront their own mortality and the absurdity of existence. Key figures in existentialism include Jean-Paul Sartre, Friedrich Nietzsche, and Soren Kierkegaard. Sartre famously stated that existence precedes essence, meaning that individuals are not born with a predetermined purpose or nature, but rather create their own essence through their actions and choices. Nietzsche challenged traditional moral values and argued for the importance of individual will and creativity. Kierkegaard focused on the individual's relationship with God and the concept of authentic faith. Existentialism has had a significant influence on literature, psychology, and political theory. It encourages individuals to take responsibility for their own lives and choices, and to embrace the uncertainty and complexity of existence. Existentialist themes can be seen in works such as Albert Camus' The Stranger and Franz Kafka's The Metamorphosis. Overall, existentialism challenges individuals to confront the fundamental questions of existence and meaning, and to create their own values and purpose in a world that may seem chaotic and indifferent.